diff --git a/framework/db/ar/ActiveFinder.php b/framework/db/ar/ActiveFinder.php
index b5b085e..5613639 100644
--- a/framework/db/ar/ActiveFinder.php
+++ b/framework/db/ar/ActiveFinder.php
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ class ActiveFinder extends \yii\base\Object
 				$records[$row[$query->index]] = $row;
 			}
 		} else {
+			/** @var $class ActiveRecord */
 			$class = $query->modelClass;
 			if ($query->index === null) {
 				foreach ($rows as $row) {
@@ -212,18 +213,20 @@ class ActiveFinder extends \yii\base\Object
 
 	protected function applyScopes($query)
 	{
+		/** @var $class ActiveRecord */
 		$class = $query->modelClass;
 		$class::defaultScope($query);
 		if (is_array($query->scopes)) {
-			$scopes = $class::scopes();
+			$model = new $class;
 			foreach ($query->scopes as $name => $params) {
-				if (is_integer($name)) {
+				if (is_string($params)) {
+					// scope name only without parameters
 					$name = $params;
 					$params = array();
 				}
-				if (isset($scopes[$name])) {
+				if (method_exists($class, $name)) {
 					array_unshift($params, $query);
-					call_user_func_array($scopes[$name], $params);
+					call_user_func_array(array($model, $name), $params);
 				} else {
 					throw new Exception("$class has no scope named '$name'.");
 				}
diff --git a/framework/db/ar/ActiveQuery.php b/framework/db/ar/ActiveQuery.php
index 3c389eb..4a812a2 100644
--- a/framework/db/ar/ActiveQuery.php
+++ b/framework/db/ar/ActiveQuery.php
@@ -46,11 +46,9 @@ class ActiveQuery extends BaseActiveQuery implements \IteratorAggregate, \ArrayA
 
 	public function __call($name, $params)
 	{
-		$class = $this->modelClass;
-		$scopes = $class::scopes();
-		if (isset($scopes[$name])) {
-			array_unshift($params, $this);
-			return call_user_func_array($scopes[$name], $params);
+		if (method_exists($this->modelClass, $name)) {
+			$this->scopes[$name] = $params;
+			return $this;
 		} else {
 			return parent::__call($name, $params);
 		}
diff --git a/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecord.php b/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecord.php
index 544d7a7..88c0e5a 100644
--- a/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecord.php
+++ b/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecord.php
@@ -164,10 +164,8 @@ abstract class ActiveRecord extends Model
 	 * echo Customer::count('COUNT(DISTINCT age)')->value();
 	 * ~~~
 	 *
-	 * @param mixed $q the query parameter. This can be one of the followings:
-	 *
-	 *  - a scalar value (integer or string): query by a single primary key value.
-	 *  - an array of name-value pairs: it will be used to configure the [[ActiveQuery]] object for query purpose.
+	 * @param array $q the query configuration. This should be an array of name-value pairs.
+	 * It will be used to configure the [[ActiveQuery]] object for query purpose.
 	 *
 	 * @return integer the counting result
 	 */
diff --git a/tests/unit/data/ar/Customer.php b/tests/unit/data/ar/Customer.php
index eb8013a..0ad8466 100644
--- a/tests/unit/data/ar/Customer.php
+++ b/tests/unit/data/ar/Customer.php
@@ -21,13 +21,8 @@ class Customer extends ActiveRecord
 		);
 	}
 
-	public static function scopes()
+	public function active($query)
 	{
-		$status = self::STATUS_ACTIVE;
-		return array(
-			'active' => function($q) use ($status){
-				return $q->andWhere('@.`status` = ' . $status);
-			},
-		);
+		return $query->andWhere('@.`status` = ' . self::STATUS_ACTIVE);
 	}
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/unit/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecordTest.php b/tests/unit/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecordTest.php
index a165764..a9263bc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecordTest.php
+++ b/tests/unit/framework/db/ar/ActiveRecordTest.php
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 	public function testUpdate()
 	{
 		// save
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$this->assertTrue($customer instanceof Customer);
 		$this->assertEquals('user2', $customer->name);
 		$this->assertFalse($customer->isNewRecord);
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 		$customer->save();
 		$this->assertEquals('user2x', $customer->name);
 		$this->assertFalse($customer->isNewRecord);
-		$customer2 = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer2 = Customer::find(2);
 		$this->assertEquals('user2x', $customer2->name);
 
 		// updateCounters
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 		$this->assertEquals(0, $orderItem->quantity);
 
 		// updateAll
-		$customer = Customer::find(3)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(3);
 		$this->assertEquals('user3', $customer->name);
 		$ret = Customer::updateAll(array(
 			'name' => 'temp',
 		), array('id' => 3));
 		$this->assertEquals(1, $ret);
-		$customer = Customer::find(3)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(3);
 		$this->assertEquals('temp', $customer->name);
 
 		// updateCounters
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 	public function testDelete()
 	{
 		// delete
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$this->assertTrue($customer instanceof Customer);
 		$this->assertEquals('user2', $customer->name);
 		$customer->delete();
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$this->assertNull($customer);
 
 		// deleteAll
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 		$this->assertTrue($result[2] instanceof Customer);
 
 		// find by a single primary key
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$this->assertTrue($customer instanceof Customer);
 		$this->assertEquals('user2', $customer->name);
 
@@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 		// find count
 		$this->assertEquals(3, Customer::find()->count());
 		$this->assertEquals(3, Customer::count());
-		$this->assertEquals(1, Customer::count(2));
 		$this->assertEquals(2, Customer::count(array(
 			'where' => 'id=1 OR id=2',
 		)));
@@ -294,12 +293,12 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 	public function testLazyLoading()
 	{
 		// has one
-		$order = Order::find(3)->one();
+		$order = Order::find(3);
 		$this->assertTrue($order->customer instanceof Customer);
 		$this->assertEquals(2, $order->customer->id);
 
 		// has many
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$orders = $customer->orders;
 		$this->assertEquals(2, count($orders));
 		$this->assertEquals(2, $orders[0]->id);
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTest extends \yiiunit\MysqlTestCase
 		$this->assertEquals(2, $orders[2]->books[0]->id);
 
 		// customized relation query
-		$customer = Customer::find(2)->one();
+		$customer = Customer::find(2);
 		$orders = $customer->orders(array(
 			'where' => '@.id = 3',
 		));